核醣核酸（RNA）是基因表現的調控者，而核醣核酸干擾（RNA interference, RNAi）現象，是指短片段的雙股RNA能使得特定的訊息核醣核酸（messenger RNA, mRNA）分解，藉以阻斷這基因的表現。自從費爾（Andrew Z. Fire）和梅洛（Craig C. Mello）兩位科學家在1998年把某段基因特異性雙股RNA引入線蟲的細胞中，發現它可以調控基因表現後，陸續有其他研究發現這種現象普遍存在於不同生物體間。最近生物科技產業就開始嘗試以RNA干擾技術，增加CHO細胞生產蛋白藥物的產量。
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